Fairness in financial services is a hot-button issue the world over. More and more voters, not just in the U.S., are convinced that the financial system benefits its institutions more than the consumers they serve. Even the microfinance industry—long a poster child for benevolent capitalism—has been called into question. As a result, bankers and other finance professionals in the U.S. and Western Europe are bracing themselves for waves of regulation, and the financial institutions of emerging markets like China and Brazil are likely to remain heavily regulated and insulated from competition for the foreseeable future.

A version of this article appeared in the September 2012 issue of Harvard Business Review.